Adhd Research Paper 1 - 2246 Words

TERM RESEARCH PAPER ON ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (â€Å"ADHD†) is a common childhood disorder that represents developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsivity and overactivity. It occurs in 3% to 5% of the school age population as stated by (Craighead, Craighead, Kazdin Mahoney, 1994). Another author (Barkley, 1981) stated that ADHD occurs in at least one child in every classroom. As a result of these statistics, ADHD has become one of the most commonly referred and heavily studied psychological disorders of childhood. Studies show that about 50-60% of children with ADHD in the age range of five to seven years are hostile and defiant. By the†¦show more content†¦Some major causal variables that have been identified are categorised as neurological factors, toxic reactions, genetic linkages and environmental factors. However, most of the available evidence found, points to neurological factors, which are imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain, a nd genetic variables as the primary causes of ADHD. The environmental factors and toxic reactions (such as lead exposure and food additives) are considered very minimal causes of ADHD. The search for causes of ADHD continues. There are many variables which are biological or thought to have an affect on biological functioning. Assessment of ADHD An evaluation of a child with ADHD includes multiple assessment techniques. The main goals of the assessment are:- 1. to gather information about the developmental deviance of ADHD symptoms or other behavioural problems. 2. to rule out other psychiatric, learning or emotional problems that may be causing inattention, impulsivity, and/or overactivity. 3. to determine the degree of consistency between the sources and across situations with respect to reports of behaviours associated with ADHD. 4. to identify and prioritise targets for intervention. Conducting interviews with parents, teachers and the child. To determine the four factors just mentioned, the following methods are used:- 1. Interviews - to be conducted with parents, teachers and the child 2. Rating Scales - to compare the child’sShow MoreRelatedAdhd Research Paper - 13087 Words   |  13 PagesADHD Research Paper Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) seems to be the affliction of this generation of children. It seems more prevalent every year. However, diagnosis criteria for ADHD is so subjective, what qualifies, who qualifies? There is no specific clinical cause for ADHD but it obviously exists. So many questions remain to be answered about ADHD. Are more children really being diagnosed with ADHD annually and is it really on the rise as it appears? Are too many children beingRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Introduction Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), once called hyperkinesis or minimal brain dysfunction, is one of the most common mental disorders among children. (Elia, Ambrosini, Rapoport, 1999) It affects 3 to 5 percent of all children, with approximately 60% to 80% of these children experiencing persistence of symptoms into adolescence and adulthood, causing a lifetime of frustrated dreams and emotional pain. There are two types of attentionRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1243 Words   |  5 Pages ADHD induces Learning Disorder Student’s Name Institution Introduction 　　　　Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and learning disorder are two mental conditions that mostly affect children. They are caused by a mixture of environmental and genetic factors relating to affected children. Even there are similar characteristics of the two conditions; they are distinct in features and occurrence. However, it is the similarity of the two conditions that has drawn the attentionRead MorePrevalence Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Between Europe And North America1097 Words   |  5 Pagespage) a. What is ADHD i. A disorder commonly diagnosed in children. ii. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – a condition with symptoms such as inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity (affects the way you focus). iii. A behavioral disorder that affects 1 in 20 children in the USA. iv. Those with ADHD differ in balance of â€Å"neurotransmitters†, a chemical found in the brain, and also in the size and operation of â€Å"prefrontal cortex†, a component in the brain. b. Goal of paper i. Review currentRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1278 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctions differently. They may have what’s called ADHD. ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM IV) states that â€Å"the essential feature of ADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and serve than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development† (p.78). There are three subtypes of ADHD: Predominantly hyperactive- impulsive, predominantlyRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1462 Words   |  6 PagesADHD – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a predominant childhood disorder that can continue through adolescence and adulthood. There are three classes hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, and combined. ADHD is typically shown with being inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive. By 2011 there were 11% of school-aged children with a history of a diagnosis of ADHD (CDC, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to discuss ADHD in a whole, from whenRead MoreTeaching Students with Adhd1433 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching Students with ADHD J. Palmer Capella University Abstract In recent history, the number of students diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has grown tremendously; causing teachers to face new challenges on how to instruct students with behavioral and learning difficulties. Students with ADHD have not only the privilege, but also the right to learn according to the Public Law 94-142 and the Americans with Disabilities Act. There is growing debate about methods that areRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1166 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) has become one of the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders in children and adolescent. â€Å"ADHD is defined as a chronic condition marked by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and sometimes impulsivity.† (Disney, 1999) There is concern about the possible connection between ADHD to substance use and abuse, during childhood and adolescence, since it is such an important developmental stage in life. â€Å"Substance abuse disorder is definedRead MoreYouth Side Effects1116 Words   |  5 Pagesidentification and treatment may prompt enhanced results for these adolescent. The articles in this unique area shed light on the advancement of and hazard factors for BPD, with an emphasis on the juvenile and youthful adulthood period. One hypothetical paper expands the comprehension of the value-based nature between early connection encounters and feeling control to help clarify the advancement of feeling dysregulation that is a key segment of the indication of BPD amongst youth (Hughes, Crowell, UyejiRead MoreExamples Of ADHD In Adolescence1276 Words   |  6 PagesADHD in Adolescence 1. Website 1- https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html I chose to focus my website comparison paper on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder primarily because I am an educator and a mother of 3. I believe this assignment will serve as a dual purpose in understanding how to recognize a website that will provide me with valid information, as well as educating me on the disorder. My first website of interest was https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html , I visited this website

Total Violence In Harrison Bergeron, By Kurt Vonnegut

The story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, written by Kurt Vonnegut, is a scientific fiction story that is set in 2081. Within this setting, the United States had added 213 amendments, some making the total population completely equal. This equality was not just in a sense of the legality and government, but every person was also physically and mentally equal as well. This total equality was established through things like weight bags, that go around one’s neck to weigh down the physically strong, a mask to cover the faces of those who are naturally good looking, or earphones that go inside the ears of those that are intelligent to emit thought disrupting noises so they would not be any smarter. These items were considered handicaps and were used to†¦show more content†¦The author, Kurt Vonnegut, uses this radical example of government control to show his belief of the government and what would happen if they were to gain this much control over the citizens. As Benjam in Reed of Texas State University states, â€Å"Vonneguts nightmarish system of American government in 2081 is a parody of what Americans feared might be wrought by losing military and ideological conflicts with Sino-Soviet socialists† (Reed 50). This explanation shows that Vonnegut and the American public were both worried about government control, and through the extreme measures used in the short story, Vonnegut exploits those worries and makes them more predominant. Another aspect that Kurt Vonnegut uses extremism and radicalism within the story of â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† is the idea of conformism. This idea is expressed in a radical manner to inform the reader that conformism is not always a good quality to have. Within the story, the two parents of Harrison are conformist and accept their fate. The author uses the normality and the average lives to show that conformism is holding the society back from everything that could be accomplished. The family is missing so much by conforming to the system and accepting the way they live. Conforming to the system also causes George much pain throughout the story, through the use of the earphone to prevent thoughts. An example of how conformist the family and theShow MoreRelated Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut Essays583 Words   |  3 PagesHarrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut â€Å"The story is a satire, a parody of an ideological society divorced from common sense reality† (Townsend). As Townsend stated Kurt Vonnegut makes a satire about society in his fictional short story Harrison Bergeron, which in their society there has been attempt of conformity through the handicaps of the people, the similarity to an authoritarian government, and the technology, whereas the people will eventually overcome. The Kind if government authorityRead MoreHarrison Bergeron1095 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. is a story literally exaggerated to its limit by showing, in the near future, what it means to be equal in every way by having people not being able to show any form of intelligence or creativity whatsoever. When Harrison Bergeron breaks the chains of government oppression, he dies for his failed cause. He dies because he chooses not to conform to the rest of his oppressive society. His parents, George andRead MoreDystopian Comparisons Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Book A Clockwork Orange, the short stories Harrison Burgeron, The Lottery and the movies Gattaca and the Truman Show by Anthony Burgess, Kurt Vonnegut, Shirly Jackson, Andrew Niccol and Peter Wier respectively. These pieces of literature(and cinematography) all have a society that controls and manipulates the individual or Protaganist. The society does this because it wants total control over both the individual and the society as a whole. A Clockwork Orange is futuristic look at England

Combination Therapy in Heart Failure Free Essays

The ability of the heart to pump blood Is impaired and It can no longer meet the bodys metabolic requirements Table 1 . New York Heart Association Classiflcation of Heart Failure. Remme W], Swedberg K. We will write a custom essay sample on Combination Therapy in Heart Failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal. [Online] 2001; 22(17): 1527-1 560. during the rest or exercisel. By treating HF we try to relieve patients symptoms, Improve their quality of life, prevent hospitalization and most importantly prolong their life. The treatment Includes Improved diet (reduced salt intake), physical activity and pharmacological treatment. There are numerous angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), vasodilators, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Ramipril) and beta-blockers (Carvedilol). We will have a look at the last two classes. They have been PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The previous hemodynamic model was not adequate and was therefore replaced by neurohormonal model, which involves Reninangiotensin-aldosterone-system sympathetic nervous system 1 , (RAAS) 3 is summarized in Figure 1. The activation of RAAS leads to vasoconstriction, oedema and myocardial fibrosis, which are induced by Angiotensin Ill . roven to be very efficient in HF by numerous clinical studies2-4. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS HF involves many symptoms such as dyspnoea fatigue, and ankle oedema. l The signs of HF are achycardia (100 beats per minute), tachyarrhythmia, tachypnoea, distended Jugular murmur and S3 and S4 heart sounds. The Figure 1 . pathophysiology of heart failure and different levels of therapeutic intervention. Taken from: Perrenoud J]. Heart failure (Part 1). European Geriatric Medicine. [Online] 2011; 2(3): 159-171. ccurrence of these symptoms and signs depends on One of the earliest neurohormonal changes in HF is the severity of heart failure and whether it is caused sympathetic activation and it has a primary role in vein, peripheral oedema, hepatomegaly, heart by systolic dysfunction or diastolic dysfunction . isease progression. Left ventricular remodeling, cell death and changes in gene expression are believed to be the main mechanisms that induce ejection fraction8-11. Because it is very potent, small myocardial doses of the tablet should be taken at the start of damage nervous stimulation 10. treatment (3. 125mg) twice daily. The dose is Heart failure can be categorized in predominantly gradually increased up to maximum of 50mg twice systolic dysfunction where the emptying of the left daily8. ventricle is not optimal and predominantly diastolic dysfunction where the filling of the left ventricle is Molecular targets ot optimall -6. As mentioned above, its major molecular targets are membrane receptors (?l, ?2 and 01). It acts on ion TREATMENT channels (Ca2+ and K+) as well. Carvedilol inhibits As mentioned above, the disease can be treated cardiac voltage-dependent potassium IKr channels using several different drug classes4. Multidrug with high potency, voltage-dependent calcium therapy is widely used in patients with heart failure. channels as well as Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) family channels in Failure Zealand cardiomyocytes and in vascular smooth muscle Carvedilol Trial) have been conducted to test the ells. Furthermore, a study conducted by (Kikuta et benefits of different combinations of drugs. It was al. , 2006) suggests that the drug blocks ATP- proven that these therapies significantly reduce the sensitive (KATP) and G-protein-activated (KG) risk of mortality and improve the symptoms. otassium However, hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia. It is believed implementing multi drug therapy. ACE inhibitors that the KG channel is opened by G protein in can cause hypotension, cough, and worsen the renal response to stimulation of G-protein-coupled function. Cough can cause patient noncompliance, uscarinic acetylcholine receptors in atria and sino- which in turn may result in the nee d of different drug therapy. Beta-blockers can cause bradycardia, channel would result in anti-cholinergic effects in hypotension, fatigue and fluid retention. Also, in the heartl 2. Study patients there with Australian-New are risks diabetes, associated beta-blockers channels. This results in could Pharmacodynamics Carvedilol is a racemic mixture of R and S Carvedilol enantiomers. Both enantiomers show al receptor Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker (?l and inhibition. However, only S enantiomer inhibits ? ?2) has drenoreceptors. It competitively blocks both ?l and vasodilatation and antioxidant effects. Previously it ?2 receptors. The drug reduces high blood pressure be mainly due to the al and ? blockage. The inhibition contraindicated in HF as it has negative ionotropic of al receptor lowers total peripheral vascular effect. However, studies have shown that carvedilol resistance. Hence, it reduces afterload and balances in combination with ACE inhibitors improves the negative ionotropic effect the ? inhibition. As a function of the heart, especially left ventricular result, the stroke volume and cardiac output are al-blocker. elieved that Furthermore, carvedilol it should maintained or even increased. The systemic arterial The effects of carvedilol are summarized in figure pressure is lowered without reducing the renal 3. lood flow13-14. The antioxidant effects carvedilol and some of its metabolites are due to the presence of carbazole moiety (shown in Figure 2). In myocardial cell membrane carvedilol inhibits lipid peroxidation. Moreover, endothelial, vascular and neuronal smooth muscle cells from reactive oxygen species. Metabolite SB209995 is much more potent antioxidant than carv edilol itself. Animal studies have shown (Feuerstein et l. , 1998) heart failure imbalances the production of reactive oxygen species and the oxidant defense mechanism. The consequence is an excess of free radicals. This may result in cytotoxic effects as well as cardiovascular remodelingl 3. Figure 3. Molecular targets, pharmacodynamics and clinical implications of carvedilol. Cheng J, Kamiya K, Kodama l. Carvedilol: Molecular and Cellular Basis for its Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential. cardiovascular Drug Revvtevs. coniine] 2006; 19(2): 152-71. Therapeutic efficacy Many different controlled clinical studies were made in order to determine the efficacy of carvedilol. The most known are COPERNICUS, CAPRICORN and USCHFS. They have all shown significant reduction in morbidity and mortality in comparison placebol 5-16. COMET investigating the difference between carvedilol and metoprolol efficacy. The study showed that the allcause mortality was lower with carvedilol (34%) Figure 2. Chemical structure of carvedilol (with postulated active sites) and its active metabolites. * denotes the point of assymetry. Taken from: Cheng J, Kamiya K, Kodama l. Carvedilol: Molecular and Cellular Basis for its Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential. cardiovascular Drug Rewtevs. coniine] 2006; 19(2): 152-71. Carvedilol aids lipid metabolism as it prevents the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). It is known that LDL has destructive effects endothelial cells. Carvedilol also inhibits the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Hence, the production of Angiotensin II is lowered. Furthermore, studies on cardiac rat myocytes showed that carvedilol enhances the production of nitrite. It is therefore believed that it can increase the NO synthesis through some adrenoreceptor independent mechanism. However, the role of excessive amounts of NO in the diseased heart remains unclear 13-14. than with metoprolol (40%) as shown in figure 417. Figure 4. All-cause Mortality between Carvedilol and Metoprolol. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JGF et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomized controlled tnal. How to cite Combination Therapy in Heart Failure, Papers

Slang Words free essay sample

When I was younger there were many slang words I use to say. Slang words were used basically every time I opened my mouth. Slang words were a part of my vocabulary. Some of the slang words for example were, Aiight, yall, fasho and whats popping. These words were mainly used around close friends. When you greet someone you say to them â€Å"whats popping. † Also when you’re talking about more than one person, that’s when you use the slang word â€Å"yall. The other two slang words can be used for the same thing. If I was to ask one of my friends to bring me something back from the store, he or she can say â€Å"aiight† or â€Å"fasho. † Slang words are still used today and there is a long list of words you can use. I think different slang words have rubbed off on adults because I hear more and more of them saying them. We will write a custom essay sample on Slang Words or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The slag I use and my friends use have rubbed off on my mother. She is starting to use slang more than me. Also my brother likes to rap so we both get a lot of slang from him. I don’t think I ever heard one of my teacher’s using slang. I don’t think its professional for them to use slang while they are teaching, but I do think when they leave they use it. Everyone has used a little bit of slang throughout their life. I believe that slang will never go away, because it’s something we use to communicate with one another.